CPU frequency scaling

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CPU frequency scaling enables the operating system to scale the CPU frequency up or down in order to save power. CPU frequencies can be scaled automatically depending on the system load, in response to ACPI events, or manually by userspace programs.

CPU frequency scaling is implemented in the Linux kernel, the infrastructure is called cpufreq. Since kernel 3.4 the necessary modules are loaded automatically. For older kernels or CPUs, the recommended ondemand governor is enabled by default, whereas for newer kernels or CPUs, the schedutil governor is enabled by default. However, userspace tools like cpupower, acpid, Laptop Mode Tools, or GUI tools provided for your desktop environment, may still be used for advanced configuration.

Userspace tools

thermald

thermald is a Linux daemon used to prevent the overheating of Intel CPUs. This daemon monitors temperature and applies compensation using available cooling methods.

By default, it monitors CPU temperature using available CPU digital temperature sensors and maintains CPU temperature under control, before HW takes aggressive correction action. If there is a skin temperature sensor in thermal sysfs, then it tries to keep skin temperature under 45C.

The associated systemd unit is thermald.service, which should be started and enabled.

i7z

i7z is an i7 (and now i3, i5, i7, i9) CPU reporting tool for Linux. It can be launched from a Terminal with the command i7z or as GUI with i7z-gui.

turbostat

turbostat can display the frequency, power consumption, idle status and other statistics of the modern Intel and AMD CPUs.

cpupower

cpupower is a set of userspace utilities designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The package is not required to use scaling, but is highly recommended because it provides useful command-line utilities and a systemd service to change the governor at boot.

The configuration file for cpupower is located in /etc/default/cpupower. This configuration file is read by a bash script in /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/cpupower which is activated by systemd with cpupower.service. You may want to enable cpupower.service to start at boot.

cpupower-gui

cpupower-gui^AUR is a graphical utility designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The GUI is based on GTK and is meant to provide the same options as cpupower. cpupower-gui can change the maximum/minimum CPU frequency and governor for each core. The application handles privilege granting through polkit and allows any logged-in user in the wheel user group to change the frequency and governor.

power-profiles-daemon

The powerprofilesctl command-line tool from power-profiles-daemon handles power profiles (e.g. balanced, power-saver, performance) through the power-profiles-daemon service. GNOME and KDE also provide graphical interfaces for profile switching; see the following:

See the project's README for more information on usage, use cases, and comparisons with similar projects.

Start/enable the power-profiles-daemon service. Note that when powerprofilesctl is launched, it also attempts to start the service (see the unit status of dbus.service).

Note: power-profiles-daemon conflicts with other power management services such as TLP, tuned^AUR and system76-power^AUR. To use one of the aforementioned services instead without uninstalling power-profiles-daemon (due to its potential status as a dependency), disable the power-profiles-daemon service by masking it (see also [1], [2]).

CPU frequency driver

Note:

The native CPU module is loaded automatically.
The intel_pstate CPU power scaling driver is used automatically for modern Intel CPUs instead of the other drivers below. This driver takes priority over other drivers and is built-in as opposed to being a module. This driver is currently automatically used for Sandy Bridge and newer CPUs. The intel_pstate may ignore the BIOS P-State settings. intel_pstate may run in "passive mode" via the intel_cpufreq driver for older CPUs. If you encounter a problem while using this driver, add intel_pstate=disable to your kernel line in order to revert to using the acpi-cpufreq driver.
Even P State behavior mentioned above can be influenced with /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate, e.g. Intel Turbo Boost can be deactivated with echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo as the root user for keeping CPU-Temperatures low.
Additional control for modern Intel CPUs is available with the Linux Thermal Daemon (available as thermald), which proactively controls thermal using P-states, T-states, and the Intel power clamp driver. thermald can also be used for older Intel CPUs. If the latest drivers are not available, then the daemon will revert to x86 model specific registers and the Linux ‘cpufreq subsystem’ to control system cooling.

cpupower requires modules to know the limits of the native CPU:

Module	Description
intel_pstate	This driver implements a scaling driver with an internal governor for Intel Core (Sandy Bridge and newer) processors.
intel_cpufreq	Starting with kernel 5.7, the intel_pstate scaling driver selects "passive mode" aka intel_cpufreq for CPUs that do not support hardware-managed P-states (HWP), i.e. Intel Core i 5th generation or older.
acpi-cpufreq	CPUFreq driver which utilizes the ACPI Processor Performance States. This driver also supports the Intel Enhanced SpeedStep (previously supported by the deprecated speedstep-centrino module).
speedstep-lib	CPUFreq driver for Intel SpeedStep-enabled processors (mostly Atoms and older Pentiums)
powernow-k8	CPUFreq driver for K8/K10 Athlon 64/Opteron/Phenom processors. Since Linux 3.7 'acpi-cpufreq' will automatically be used for more modern AMD CPUs.
pcc-cpufreq	This driver supports Processor Clocking Control interface by Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft Corporation which is useful on some ProLiant servers.
p4-clockmod	CPUFreq driver for Intel Pentium 4/Xeon/Celeron processors which lowers the CPU temperature by skipping clocks. (You probably want to use a SpeedStep driver instead.)

To see a full list of available modules, run:

$ ls /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/cpufreq/

Load the appropriate module (see Kernel modules for details). Once the appropriate cpufreq driver is loaded, detailed information about the CPU(s) can be displayed by running

$ cpupower frequency-info

Setting maximum and minimum frequencies

In some cases, it may be necessary to manually set maximum and minimum frequencies.

To set the maximum clock frequency (clock_freq is a clock frequency with units: GHz, MHz):

# cpupower frequency-set -u clock_freq

To set the minimum clock frequency:

# cpupower frequency-set -d clock_freq

To set the CPU to run at a specified frequency:

# cpupower frequency-set -f clock_freq

Note:

To adjust for only a single CPU core, append -c core_number.
The governor, maximum and minimum frequencies can be set in /etc/default/cpupower.

Alternatively, you can set the frequency manually:

# echo value > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_max_freq

The available values can be found in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_available_frequencies or similar. [3]

Disabling Turbo Boost

intel_pstate

# echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/no_turbo

acpi-cpufreq

# echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/boost

x86_energy_perf_policy

With x86_energy_perf_policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy --turbo-enable 0

The change is temporary.

Scaling governors

Governors (see table below) are power schemes for the CPU. Only one may be active at a time. For details, see the kernel documentation.

Governor	Description
performance	Run the CPU at the maximum frequency.
powersave	Run the CPU at the minimum frequency.
userspace	Run the CPU at user specified frequencies.
ondemand	Scales the frequency dynamically according to current load. Jumps to the highest frequency and then possibly back off as the idle time increases.
conservative	Scales the frequency dynamically according to current load. Scales the frequency more gradually than ondemand.
schedutil	Scheduler-driven CPU frequency selection [4], [5].

Depending on the scaling driver, one of these governors will be loaded by default:

powersave for Intel CPUs using the intel_pstate driver (Sandy Bridge and newer)..
powersave (for Linux < 5.10) or schedutil (since Linux 5.10) for CPUs using the acpi-cpufreq driver.

Note: The intel_pstate driver supports only two governors: powersave and performance. Although they share the name with the generic governors, they do not work in the same way as the generic governors. Both intel_pstate governors provide dynamic scaling similar to the schedutil or ondemand generic governors. The performance governor provided by intel_pstate should give better power saving functionality than the old ondemand governor.

Warning: Use CPU monitoring tools (for temperatures, voltage, etc.) when changing the default governor.

To activate a particular governor, run:

# cpupower frequency-set -g governor

Note:

To adjust for only a single CPU core, append -c core_number to the command above.
Activating a governor requires that specific kernel module (named cpufreq_governor) is loaded. As of kernel 3.4, these modules are loaded automatically.

Alternatively, you can activate a governor on every available CPU manually:

# echo governor | tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor

where governor is the name of the governor, mentioned in the above table, that you want to activate.

Tip: To monitor cpu speed in real time, run:

$ watch cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu[0-9]*/cpufreq/scaling_cur_freq

Tuning the ondemand governor

See the kernel documentation for details.

Switching threshold

To set the threshold for stepping up to another frequency:

# echo -n percent > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/<governor>/up_threshold

To set the threshold for stepping down to another frequency:

# echo -n percent > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/<governor>/down_threshold

Sampling rate

The sampling rate determines how frequently the governor checks to tune the CPU. sampling_down_factor is a tunable that multiplies the sampling rate when the CPU is at its highest clock frequency thereby delaying load evaluation and improving performance. Allowed values for sampling_down_factor are 1 to 100000. This tunable has no effect on behavior at lower CPU frequencies/loads.

To read the value (default = 1), run:

$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ondemand/sampling_down_factor

To set the value, run:

# echo -n value > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ondemand/sampling_down_factor

Make changes permanent

To have the desired scaling enabled at boot, kernel module options and systemd-tmpfiles are regular methods.

For example, changing the up_threshold to 10:

/etc/tmpfiles.d/ondemand.conf

w- /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/ondemand/up_threshold - - - - 10

However, as noted in systemd-tmpfiles, in some cases race conditions may exist and one can use udev to avoid them.

For example, to set the scaling governor of the CPU core 0 to performance while the scaling driver is acpi_cpufreq, create the following udev rule:

/etc/udev/rules.d/50-scaling-governor.rules

SUBSYSTEM=="module", ACTION=="add", KERNEL=="acpi_cpufreq", RUN+="/bin/sh -c 'echo performance > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/policy0/scaling_governor'"

To have the rule already applied in the initramfs, follow the example at udev#Debug output.

Tip:

Since Linux 5.9, it is possible to set the cpufreq.default_governor kernel option.[6]
Alternatively, configure the cpupower utility and enable its systemd service.

Control Intel CPUs energy performance policy

Install x86_energy_perf_policy:

Enable Hardware P-States:

# x86_energy_perf_policy -H 1
# x86_energy_perf_policy -U 1

Set "default" policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy default

Set "performance" policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy performance

Set "balance-performance" policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy balance-performance

Set "balance-power" policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy balance-power

Set "power" policy:

# x86_energy_perf_policy power

The changes are temporary. See x86_energy_perf_policy(8) for more info.

CPU idle driver

The intel_idle CPU idle driver is used automatically for modern Intel CPUs instead of the acpi_idle driver. This driver is currently automatically used for Sandy Bridge and newer CPUs. The intel_idle may ignore the BIOS C-State settings. If you encounter a problem while using this driver, add intel_idle.max_cstate=0 to your kernel line.

Interaction with ACPI events

Users may configure scaling governors to switch automatically based on different ACPI events such as connecting the AC adapter or closing a laptop lid. A quick example is given below, however it may be worth reading full article on acpid.

Events are defined in /etc/acpi/handler.sh. If the acpid package is installed, the file should already exist and be executable. For example, to change the scaling governor from performance to conservative when the AC adapter is disconnected and change it back if reconnected:

/etc/acpi/handler.sh

[...]

ac_adapter)
    case "$2" in
        AC*)
            case "$4" in
                00000000)
                    echo "conservative" >/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor    
                    echo -n $minspeed >$setspeed
                    #/etc/laptop-mode/laptop-mode start
                ;;
                00000001)
                    echo "performance" >/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
                    echo -n $maxspeed >$setspeed
                    #/etc/laptop-mode/laptop-mode stop
                ;;
            esac
        ;;
        *) logger "ACPI action undefined: $2" ;;
    esac
;;

[...]

Troubleshooting

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: Unverifiable and vague statements, lots of "some"s and "maybe"s. Troubleshooting items need to address concrete problems. (Discuss in Talk:CPU frequency scaling)

Some applications, like ntop, do not respond well to automatic frequency scaling. In the case of ntop it can result in segmentation faults and lots of lost information as even the on-demand governor cannot change the frequency quickly enough when a lot of packets suddenly arrive at the monitored network interface that cannot be handled by the current processor speed.

Some CPU's may suffer from poor performance with the default settings of the on-demand governor (e.g. flash videos not playing smoothly or stuttering window animations). Instead of completely disabling frequency scaling to resolve these issues, the aggressiveness of frequency scaling can be increased by lowering the up_threshold sysctl variable for each CPU. See how to change the on-demand governor's threshold.

Sometimes the on-demand governor may not throttle to the maximum frequency but one step below. This can be solved by setting max_freq value slightly higher than the real maximum. For example, if frequency range of the CPU is from 2.00 GHz to 3.00 GHz, setting max_freq to 3.01 GHz can be a good idea.

Some combinations of ALSA drivers and sound chips may cause audio skipping as the governor changes between frequencies, switching back to a non-changing governor seems to stop the audio skipping.

BIOS frequency limitation

Some CPU/BIOS configurations may have difficulties to scale to the maximum frequency or scale to higher frequencies at all. This is most likely caused by BIOS events telling the OS to limit the frequency resulting in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/bios_limit set to a lower value.

Either you just made a specific Setting in the BIOS Setup Utility, (Frequency, Thermal Management, etc.) you can blame a buggy/outdated BIOS or the BIOS might have a serious reason for throttling the CPU on its own.

Reasons like that can be (assuming your machine's a notebook) that the battery is removed (or near death) so you are on AC-power only. In this case a weak AC-source might not supply enough electricity to fulfill extreme peak demands by the overall system and as there is no battery to assist this could lead to data loss, data corruption or in worst case even hardware damage!

Not all BIOS'es limit the CPU-Frequency in this case, but for example most IBM/Lenovo Thinkpads do. Refer to thinkwiki for more thinkpad related info on this topic.

If you checked there is not just an odd BIOS setting and you know what you are doing you can make the Kernel ignore these BIOS-limitations.

Warning: Make sure you read and understood the section above. CPU frequency limitation is a safety feature of your BIOS and you should not need to work around it.

A special parameter has to be passed to the processor module.

For trying this temporarily change the value in /sys/module/processor/parameters/ignore_ppc from 0 to 1.

For setting it permanently Kernel modules#Setting module options describes alternatives. For example, you can add processor.ignore_ppc=1 to your kernel boot line, or create

/etc/modprobe.d/ignore_ppc.conf

# If the frequency of your machine gets wrongly limited by BIOS, this should help
options processor ignore_ppc=1

CPU frequency scaling

Contents

Userspace tools

thermald

i7z

turbostat

cpupower

cpupower-gui

power-profiles-daemon

CPU frequency driver

Setting maximum and minimum frequencies

Disabling Turbo Boost

intel_pstate

acpi-cpufreq

x86_energy_perf_policy

Scaling governors

Tuning the ondemand governor

Switching threshold

Sampling rate

Make changes permanent

Control Intel CPUs energy performance policy

CPU idle driver

Interaction with ACPI events

Troubleshooting

BIOS frequency limitation

See also