CUPS

Related articles

• CUPS/Printer sharing
• CUPS/Printer-specific problems
• CUPS/Troubleshooting
• Samba
• LPRng

CUPS is the standards-based, open source printing system currently developed by Apple Inc. for macOS® and other UNIX®-like operating systems.

Installation

Install the cups package.

Optionally, install the cups-pdf package if you intend to "print" into a PDF document. By default, PDF files are stored in /var/spool/cups-pdf/username/. The location can be changed in /etc/cups/cups-pdf.conf.

Then enable and start cups.service or alternatively use socket activation to only start CUPS when a program wants to use the service.

Socket activation

cups provides a cups.socket unit. If cups.socket is enabled (and cups.service is disabled), systemd will not start CUPS immediately; it will just listen to the appropriate sockets. Then, whenever a program attempts to connect to one of these CUPS sockets, systemd will start cups.service and transparently hand over control of these ports to the CUPS process.

Print steps

It is important to know how CUPS works if wanting to solve related issues:

1. An application sends a PDF file to CUPS when 'print' has been selected (in case the application sends another format, it is converted to PDF first).
2. CUPS then looks at the printer's PPD file (printer description file) and figures out what filters it needs to use to convert the PDF file to a language that the printer understands (like PJL, PCL, bitmap or native PDF).
3. The filter converts the PDF file to a format understood by the printer.
4. Then it is sent to the back-end. For example, if the printer is connected to a USB port, it uses the USB back-end.

Connection interfaces

Additional steps for printer detection are listed below for various connection interfaces.

USB

To see if your USB printer is detected, make sure you have the usbutils package installed, then:

$ lsusb

(...)
Bus 001 Device 007: ID 03f0:1004 Hewlett-Packard DeskJet 970c/970cse

Parallel port

To use a parallel port printer, the lp, parport and parport_pc kernel modules are required.

# dmesg | grep -i parport

parport0: Printer, Hewlett-Packard HP LaserJet 2100 Series
lp0: using parport0 (polling)

Network

To discover, make use of discovered or share printers using DNS-SD/mDNS, setup .local hostname resolution with Avahi and restart cups.service.

Note: DNS-SD is only supported when using Avahi. CUPS does not support using systemd-resolved for DNS-SD, see CUPS issue 5452.

To share printers with Samba, e.g. if the system is to be a print server for Windows clients, the samba package will be required.

Printer drivers

The drivers for a printer may come from any of the sources shown below. See CUPS/Printer-specific problems for an incomplete list of drivers that others have managed to get working.

To drive a printer, CUPS needs a PPD file and, for most printers, some filters. For details on how CUPS uses PPDs and filters, see [1].

The OpenPrinting Printer List provides driver recommendations for many printers. It also supplies PPD files for each printer, but most are available through foomatic or the recommended driver package.

When a PPD file is provided to CUPS, the CUPS server will regenerate the PPD files and save them in /etc/cups/ppd/.

CUPS

CUPS includes support for AirPrint and IPP Everywhere printers.

OpenPrinting CUPS filters

The Linux Foundation's OpenPrinting workgroup provides cups-filters. Those are backends, filters, and other binaries that were once part of CUPS but are no longer maintained by Apple. They are available in the cups-filters package that is a dependency of cups.

Non-PDF printers require ghostscript to be installed. For PostScript printers, gsfonts may also be required.

Foomatic

The Linux Foundation's OpenPrinting workgroup's foomatic provides PPDs for many printer drivers, both free and non-free. For more information about what foomatic does, see Foomatic from the Developer's View.

To use foomatic, install foomatic-db-engine and at least one of:

• foomatic-db — a collection of XML files used by foomatic-db-engine to generate PPD files.
• foomatic-db-ppds — prebuilt PPD files.
• foomatic-db-nonfree — a collection of XML files from printer manufacturers under non-free licenses used by foomatic-db-engine to generate PPD files.
• foomatic-db-nonfree-ppds — prebuilt PPD files under non-free licenses.

The foomatic PPDs may require additional filters, such as min12xxw^AUR.

Gutenprint

The Gutenprint project provides drivers for Canon, Epson, Lexmark, Sony, Olympus, and PCL printers for use with CUPS and GIMP.

Install gutenprint and foomatic-db-gutenprint-ppds.

Note: When the Gutenprint packages get updated, the printers using Gutenprint drivers will stop working until you run cups-genppdupdate as root and restart CUPS. cups-genppdupdate will update the PPD files of the configured printers, see cups-genppdupdate(8) for more details.

Manufacturer-specific drivers

Many printer manufacturers supply their own Linux drivers. These are often available in the official Arch repositories or in the AUR.

Some of those drivers are described in more detail in CUPS/Printer-specific problems.

Printer URI

Listed below are additional steps to manually generate the URI if required. Some printers or drivers may need a special URI as described in CUPS/Printer-specific problems.

USB

CUPS should be able to automatically generate a URI for USB printers, for example usb://HP/DESKJET%20940C?serial=CN16E6C364BH.

If it does not, see CUPS/Troubleshooting#USB printers for troubleshooting steps.

Parallel port

The URI should be of the form parallel:device. For instance, if the printer is connected on /dev/lp0, use parallel:/dev/lp0. If you are using a USB to parallel port adapter, use parallel:/dev/usb/lp0 as the printer URI.

Network

If you have set up Avahi as in #Network, CUPS should detect the printer URI. You can also use avahi-discover to find the name of your printer and its address (for instance, BRN30055C6B4C7A.local/10.10.0.155:631).

The URI can also be generated manually, without using Avahi. A list of the available URI schemes for networked printers is available in the CUPS documentation. As exact details of the URIs differ between printers, check either the manual of the printer or CUPS/Printer-specific problems.

The URI for printers on SMB shares is described in the smbspool(8) man page.

Note: Any special characters in the printer URIs need to be appropriately quoted, or, if your Windows printer name or user passwords have spaces, CUPS will throw a lpadmin: Bad device-uri error.

For example, smb://BEN-DESKTOP/HP Color LaserJet CP1510 series PCL6 becomes smb://BEN-DESKTOP/HP%20Color%20LaserJet%20CP1510%20series%20PCL6.

This result string can be obtained by running the following command:

$ python -c 'from urllib.parse import quote; print("smb://" + quote("BEN-DESKTOP/HP Color LaserJet CP1510 series PCL6"))'

Remote CUPS print servers can be accessed through a URI of the form ipp://hostname:631/printers/queue_name. See CUPS/Printer sharing#Printer sharing for details on setting up the remote print server.

See CUPS/Troubleshooting#Networking issues for additional issues and solutions.

Warning: Avoid configuring both the server and the client with a printer filter—either the print queue on the client or the server should be 'raw'. This avoids sending a print job through the filters for a printer twice, which can cause problems such as shared printer works locally but remote machine fails to print [2]. See #Usage for an example of setting a print queue to 'raw'.

Usage

CUPS can be fully controlled using the lp* and cups* CLI tools. Alternatively, the #Web interface or one of several #GUI applications can be used.

• The queue name is a short but descriptive name used on the system to identify the queue. This name should not contain spaces or any special characters. For instance, a print queue corresponding to a HP LaserJet 5P could be named "hpljet5p". More than one queue can be associated with each physical printer.
• The location is a description of the printer's physical location (for instance "bedroom", or "kitchen"). This is to aid in maintaining several printers.
• The description is a full description of the print queue. A common use is a full printer name (like "HP LaserJet 5P").

CLI tools

See CUPS local documentation for more tips on the command-line tools.

Note: Command-line switches cannot be grouped.

List the devices

# lpinfo -v
$ /usr/lib/cups/backend/snmp ip_address  # Use SNMP to find a URI

List the models

$ lpinfo -m

Add a new queue

# lpadmin -p queue_name -E -v uri -m model

The queue_name is up to you. Examples:

# lpadmin -p HP_DESKJET_940C -E -v "usb://HP/DESKJET%20940C?serial=CN16E6C364BH" -m drv:///HP/hp-deskjet_940c.ppd.gz
# lpadmin -p AirPrint -E -v "ipp://10.0.1.25/ipp/print" -m everywhere    # Driverless queue (Apple AirPrint or IPP Everywhere)
# lpadmin -p SHARED_PRINTER -m raw    # Raw queue; no PPD or filter
# lpadmin -p Test_Printer -E -v "ipp://10.0.1.3/ipp/print" -m pxlmono.ppd    # Specifying a PPD instead of a model

Note:

• When specifying the PPD, use just the file name and not the full path (for instance, pxlmono.ppd instead of /usr/share/ppd/cupsfilters/pxlmono.ppd). Alternatively, the full path can be used with the -P command line switch.
• As of 2021, many recent printers support driverless printing setup and when specifying -m everywhere, as in the second example above, the printer will be defined and a .ppd file will be created in /etc/cups/ppd/ by querying the printer on the network.

Set the default printer

$ lpoptions -d queue_name

Change the options

$ lpoptions -p queue_name -l # List the options
$ lpoptions -p queue_name -o option=value # Set an option

Example:

$ lpoptions -p HP_DESKJET_940C -o PageSize=A4
$ lpoptions -p HP_DESKJET_940C -o cupsIPPSupplies=true -o Duplex=DuplexNoTumble

Check the status

$ lpstat -s
$ lpstat -p queue_name

Deactivate a printer

# cupsdisable queue_name

Activate a printer

# cupsenable queue_name

Set the printer to accept jobs

# cupsaccept queue_name

Remove a printer.

First set it to reject all incoming entries:

# cupsreject queue_name

Then disable it:

# cupsdisable queue_name

Finally remove it:

# lpadmin -x queue_name

Print a test page

$ lpr /usr/share/cups/data/testprint

Print a file

$ lpr file
$ lpr -# 17 file            # print the file 17 times
$ echo 'Hello, world!' | lpr -p # print the result of a command. The -p switch adds a header.

Check the queue

$ lpq
$ lpq -a # on all queues

Clear the queue

# lprm   # remove last entry only
# lprm - # remove all entries

View ink levels

Install ink^AUR.

Note: See list of supported printers.

Add your user to the lp user group:

# usermod -aG lp <user>

Log out and log in again.

For usage information, use:

$ ink

Web interface

The CUPS server can be fully administered through the web interface, available on http://localhost:631/.

Note: If an HTTPS connection to CUPS is used, it may take a very long time before the interface appears the first time it is accessed. This is because the first request triggers the generation of SSL certificates which can be a time-consuming job.

To perform administrative tasks from the web interface, authentication is required; see #Permissions.

Add a queue

Go to the Administration page.

Modify existing queues

Go to the Printers page, and select a queue to modify.

Test a queue

Go to the Printers page, and select a queue.

GUI applications

If your user does not have sufficient privileges to administer CUPS, the applications will request the root password when they start. To give users administrative privileges without needing root access, see #Configuration.

• Deepin Print Manager — Printer configuration interface for Deepin desktop.

https://github.com/linuxdeepin/dde-printer || deepin-printer

• GtkLP — GTK interface for CUPS.

https://gtklp.sirtobi.com/index.shtml || gtklp^AUR

• print-manager — Tool for managing print jobs and printers (KDE).

https://invent.kde.org/utilities/print-manager || print-manager

• system-config-printer — GTK printer configuration tool and status applet.

https://github.com/OpenPrinting/system-config-printer || system-config-printer

Configuration

The CUPS server configuration is located in /etc/cups/cupsd.conf and /etc/cups/cups-files.conf (see cupsd.conf(5) and cups-files.conf(5)). After editing either file, restart cups.service to apply any changes. The default configuration is sufficient for most users.

Permissions

User groups with printer administration privileges are defined in SystemGroup in the /etc/cups/cups-files.conf. The sys and root and wheel groups are used by default.

CUPS helper programs are run as the cups user and group. This allows the helper programs to access printer devices and read configuration files in /etc/cups/, which are owned by the cups group.

Note: Prior to cups 2.2.6-2, the lp group was used instead. After the upgrade, the files in /etc/cups should be owned by the cups group and User 209 and Group 209 set in /etc/cups/cups-files.conf.

Default paper size

cups is built with libpaper support and libpaper defaults to the Letter paper size (called PageSize in lpoptions). To avoid having to change the paper size for each print queue you add, edit /etc/papersize and set your system default paper size. See papersize(5).

Log files

By default, all logs are sent to files in /var/log/cups/. By changing the values of the AccessLog, ErrorLog, and PageLog directives in /etc/cups/cups-files.conf to syslog, CUPS can be made to log to the systemd journal instead. See Fedora:Changes/CupsJournalLogging for information on the original proposed change.

cups-browsed

CUPS can use Avahi browsing to discover unknown shared printers in your network. This can be useful in large setups where the server is unknown. To use this feature, set up .local hostname resolution, and start both avahi-daemon.service and cups-browsed.service. Jobs are sent directly to the printer without any processing so the created queues may not work, however driverless printers such as those supporting IPP Everywhere or AirPrint should work out of the box.

Note:

• Searching for network printers may significantly increase the time it takes for your computer to boot.
• cups-browsed.service is only needed to dynamically add and remove printers as they appear and disappear from a network. It is not required if you simply want to add a an DNS-SD/mDNS supporting network printer to CUPS.

Print servers and remote administration

See CUPS/Printer sharing and CUPS/Printer sharing#Remote administration.

Allowing admin authentication through PolicyKit

PolicyKit can be configured to allow users to configure printers using a GUI without the admin password.

Note: You may need to install cups-pk-helper for working this rules.

Here is an example that allows members of the wheel user group to administer printers without a password:

/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/49-allow-passwordless-printer-admin.rules

polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { 
    if (action.id == "org.opensuse.cupspkhelper.mechanism.all-edit" && 
        subject.isInGroup("wheel")){ 
        return polkit.Result.YES; 
    } 
});

Without a local CUPS server

CUPS can be configured to directly connect to remote printer servers instead of running a local print server. This requires installation of the libcups package. Some applications will still require the cups package for printing.

Warning: Accessing remote printers without a local CUPS server is not recommended by the developers. [3]

To use a remote CUPS server, set the CUPS_SERVER environment variable to printerserver.mydomain:port. For instance, if you want to use a different print server for a single Firefox instance (substitute printserver.mydomain:port with your print server name/port):

$ CUPS_SERVER=printserver.mydomain:port firefox

To make this configuration permanent create configuration file /etc/cups/client.conf and add a hostname of the remote CUPS server to it:

ServerName server

You can also specify a custom port:

ServerName server:port

See [4] for details.

Troubleshooting

See CUPS/Troubleshooting.

See also

• Official CUPS documentation, locally installed
• Wikipedia:CUPS
• OpenPrinting homepage
• OpenSuSE Concepts printing guide - explains the full printing workflow
• OpenSuSE CUPS in a Nutshell - a quick CUPS overview
• Gentoo:Printing
• Debian's Printing portal - detailed technical guides
• Debian's printing overview - a basic view of the CUPS printing system
• CUPS mailing list
• CUPS issues tracker