Network bridge (简体中文)

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翻译状态：本文是 Network_bridge 的翻译。上次翻译日期：2015-05-07。如果英文版本有所更改，则您可以帮助同步翻译。

这篇文章或章节的翻译不反映原文。

原因：Last updated in 2015 (372839), out of sync with English page（在 Talk:Network bridge (简体中文)# 中讨论）

网桥是一种软件配置，用于连结两个或更多个不同网段。网桥的行为就像是一台虚拟的网络交换机，工作于透明模式（即其他机器不必关注网桥的存在与否）。任意的真实物理设备（例如 eth0）和虚拟设备（例如 tap0）都可以连接到网桥。

本文讲述如何创建至少包含一个以太网设备的网桥，这种应用常见于QEMU、设置基于软件的访问点等场景。

创建网桥

创建网桥有多种途径。

通过 bridge-utils

本节讲述用 bridge-utils 软件包里面的 brctl 工具管理网桥。该软件包已进入官方仓库（official repositories）。brctl 的完整选项清单请参阅 brctl(8)。

新建一个网桥：

# brctl addbr bridge_name

添加一个设备（例如eth0）到网桥：

# brctl addif bridge_name eth0

显示当前存在的网桥及其所连接的网络端口：

$ brctl show

启动网桥：

# ip link set up dev bridge_name

删除网桥，需要先关闭它：

# ip link set dev bridge_name down
# brctl delbr bridge_name

通过 iproute2

本节讲述用 iproute2 软件包里面的 ip 工具管理网桥。该软件包包含在 base 包组中。

创建一个网桥并设置其状态为已启动：

# ip link add name bridge_name type bridge
# ip link set dev bridge_name up

添加一个网络端口（比如 eth0）到网桥中，要求先将该端口设置为混杂模式并启动该端口：

# ip link set dev eth0 promisc on
# ip link set dev eth0 up

把该端口添加到网桥中，再将其所有者设置为 bridge_name 就完成了配置：

# ip link set dev eth0 master bridge_name

要显示现存的网桥及其关联的端口，可以用 bridge 工具（它也是 iproute2 的组成部分）。详阅 bridge(8)。

# bridge link show

若要删除网桥，应首先移除它所关联的所有端口，同时关闭端口的混杂模式并关闭端口以将其恢复至原始状态。

# ip link set eth0 promisc off
# ip link set eth0 down
# ip link set dev eth0 nomaster

当网桥的配置清空后就可以将其删除：

# ip link delete bridge_name type bridge

通过 netctl

参阅 Bridge with netctl.

通过 systemd-networkd

参阅 systemd-networkd#Bridge interface.

通过 NetworkManager

Gnome's NetworkManager can create bridges, but currently will not auto-connect to them. Open Network Settings, add a new interface of type Bridge, add a new bridged connection, and select the MAC address of the device to attach to the bridge.

Now, find the UUID of the attached device (by default named "bridge0 slave 1"):

$ nmcli connection

Finally, enable that connection:

$ nmcli con up <UUID>

If NetworkManager's default interface for the device you added to the bridge connects automatically, you may want to disable that by clicking the gear next to it in Network Settings, and unchecking "Connect automatically" under "Identity."

分配 IP 地址

When the bridge is fully set up, it can be assigned an IP address:

# ip addr add dev bridge_name 192.168.66.66/24

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: This section needs to be connected to the link-level part described in QEMU#Tap networking with QEMU. For now, see the instructions given there. (Discuss in Talk:Network bridge (简体中文))

提示与技巧

网桥使用无线网络端口

To add a wireless interface to a bridge, you first have to assign the wireless interface to an access point or start an access point with hostapd. Otherwise the wireless interface will not be added to the bridge.

See also Bridging with a wireless NIC on Debian wiki.

参阅